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A Conversation Across Species

What happens when a bird masters human logic, proving intelligence knows no species? Alex the parrot’s story will change your perspective. For the complete tale, exclusive reader Q&A, and weekly actionable insights —join me for free on Substack

In the 1970s, a commonly held belief, especially among non–pet owners, was that animals were essentially automatons, reacting to stimuli but lacking the abilities to think or feel. Animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg sought to test the theory. In 1977, she brought Alex, an African gray parrot—a species famed for its mimicry—into her Brandeis University lab. She began an experiment that would eventually blur the boundary between human animal and nonhuman animal minds.

One of the ways Pepperberg taught Alex was through the Model/Rival technique, where two humans interacted in front of him so he could observe words used purposefully rather than merely repeated. Within a few years, Alex had a working vocabulary of more than a hundred words. Alex could identify objects by color, shape, or material—and even combine those concepts when asked questions like, “What color three-corner wood?” correctly answering “green.” He could infer absence, identifying a missing color through the process of elimination, demonstrating logic-based reasoning. When shown two items and asked, “Which is bigger?” or “Which is greener?” he chose accurately. He understood abstract ideas like “same,” “different,” and even “none,” correctly answering “none” when asked how many green keys were among a group of colored keys. He could also group objects conceptually (e.g., all keys as “metal,” all fruits as “food”).

Alex grasped the concept of individual identity; when researchers asked him which bird they were pointing to, he would appropriately answer “Alex” for himself or name another bird—like “Griffin” or “Arthur.” He identified letters by sound, not just shape. When Pepperberg showed him a written letter and asked, “What sound?” Alex could produce the correct phoneme, indicating phonological awareness—an ability linked to early literacy in humans.

He created words for unfamiliar objects by joining elements of known objects; he came up with “banerry” the first time he saw an apple, apparently blending “banana” and “cherry”—a creative leap suggesting flexible thought. He used refusals like “No” or “Don’t want that” with unambiguous purpose. Alex showed rudimentary counting skills, counting up to eight, and in controlled tests, adding together two small groups of items when asked, “How many total?”

Alex’s intelligence came with a distinct personality. He teased researchers by deliberately mislabeling objects, then laughing when they looked surprised. When a student once misidentified a color, Alex corrected her—“No, blue!”—and repeated himself until she agreed. When a trainer ate lunch without sharing it with him, Alex muttered “Naughty!” while turning his back in offense. When Alex lost his temper and bit a researcher, he later said, “I’m sorry,” without being prompted—a sign of contextual awareness and social repair behavior rather than mimicry. He showed empathy-like responses. If a researcher seemed upset or frustrated, Alex sometimes said, “Don’t be sad,” or “It’s OK,” echoing appropriate emotional cues.

Alex died unexpectedly in 2007. His final recorded words to Pepperberg were “You be good. See you tomorrow. I love you.” Alex left behind more than data; he left a challenge to our assumptions about animal consciousness. His life invites science to reconsider the borders of intelligence—not as an exclusive human territory, but as an area still largely unexplored across the living world.

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Compassion in Action:

Consider making compassionate consumer choices. Cruelty-free products are cosmetics, skincare, or household items not tested on animals at any stage, from ingredients to final formulation. Look for certifications like Leaping Bunny, which requires strict no-testing policies throughout the supply chain as well as independent, third-party verification.

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Self-Rescuing Bald Eagle?

View on Substack: The Kind Life

Thanks for reading! For weekly stories and simple actions that improve animal welfare: The Kind Life

An injured, fully grown bald eagle was found at the door of wildlife rehab center in British Columbia. It remained unmoving and quiet, and peered into the glass door. A broadhead hunting arrow was embedded in its back and blood loss was evident.

When staff carefully approached, the eagle did not attempt to flee and allowed them to bring it into the facility. According to the veterinarians who treated it, the eagle showed no aggression or panic. Surgery was performed the same day and the wound was reported as severe but treatable. Without intervention the eagle would not have survived. The eagle was given antibiotics, pain management, and rehab to regain flight strength.

The eagle’s point of origin, route, and distance traveled are unknown, but one might surmise that the injury occurred in one of the hunting areas, none of which are close by.

Injured animals tend to seek cover instinctively, and there were several structures, unoccupied buildings, and forest edges where the bird might have sought cover. While biologists urge caution in interpreting events like these, the eagle’s behavior struck the staff as unusual. One stated, “It felt like it knew exactly where to go.” Even experienced wildlife professionals admitted the case was extraordinary.

Compassion in Action

What can you do when you see injured wildlife? Observe from a distance without approaching to avoid stressing the animal further, which could worsen injuries or lead to defensive behavior. Note key details like location, species, behavior, and visible injuries (e.g., limping or bleeding) for rescuers. Contact your local rehab facility by searching here: Local Wildlife Rehabs

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Bridget Bardot Gave a Voice to the Voiceless

To read on substack: https://substack.com/home/post/p-182806305

Bridget Bardot was defined in the 1950s and 1960s by her on-screen and off-screen uninhibited sexuality, voluptuous figure, and tousled blond hair. In 1973 she abruptly left acting, saying “I gave my beauty and my youth to men, and now I am giving my wisdom and experience, the best of me, to animals. . . I don’t care about my past glory. That means nothing in the face of an animal that suffers, since it has no power, no words to defend itself.”

While indifferent to her past, Bardot leveraged her fame to advance awareness of and reforms in animal welfare. Her contributions in the field include establishing the Fondation Brigitte Bardot for the Welfare and Protection of Animals; filing thousands of investigations and lawsuits against animal cruelty; lobbying for legislation against factory farming, slaughterhouse practices, the pet trade, religious ritualized slaughter, fur trapping and hunting, foie gras practices, and animal experimentation; opposing bullfighting, horse racing, and horse slaughter; advocating for dog meat bans in South Korea; funding shelters, spay/neuter programs, and wildlife rehabilitation centers; traveling to the Arctic to bring attention to the clubbing of baby harp seals; and promoting vegetarianism (originally) and then veganism.

In an essay in Ingrid E. Newkirk’s book One Can Make a Difference, Bardot wrote, “Young people are always a hope. More of them must realize that the animal is not an object for profit, not a toy for our amusement, hunted for sport, not something to be cut up for his fur. They may see that the animal has the right to live, just as we have the right to live. We, the animals, the plants are the whole, and the whole makes a chain, and if we break that chain, all of humanity will pay.”

Compassion in Action:

SPCA International (←please click to learn more about what this worthy organization is doing) – The winter is harsh, and countless dogs and cats are shivering, weak, and alone. Their goal is to save as many lives as possible. Your gift can make it happen.

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You Can Make a Difference to a Cold Dog, Cold Cat, Right Now

Right now, a trembling dog is curled against a frozen wall, fighting to stay awake. A hungry cat is crying in the dark, desperate for warmth that never comes.

Without help, they may not survive.

Please, don’t let them face the cold alone. You could be the reason one frightened animal is lifted out of the freezing night and into safety.

𝗗𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗱𝗻𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁: text.spcai.org/iiYpYCBzgFde

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗣𝗖𝗔𝗜 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗺 🐕

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Cat Daddies Documentary

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Home for the Holidays? Dogs Would Love That, Too

Read on Substack: https://open.substack.com/pub/thekindlife/p/home-for-the-holidays-dogs-would

Are you looking for a Christmas or holiday present for an animal lover? Since some backyard dogs don’t have appropriate “homes”/shelter, here’s a gift idea that animal lovers and dogs will appreciate. You can contribute, in the gift recipient’s honor, to a sturdy, insulated dog house that will be delivered to a backyard dog, providing warmth in the winter, protection from the elements, and shade in the summer.

Here’s the dog house link: http://bit.ly/4oCK8BN

Here’s a link to additional gifts helpful to backyard dogs: https://presents.peta.org/category/give-by-cause/doghouse/

The reasons why people tether their dogs 24/7 in all seasons vary—inherited family traditions normalizing it, lack of awareness of alternatives, landlord restrictions prohibiting indoor dogs, nonexistent or damaged fencing, and behavioral challenges/destructive indoor behavior. Sometimes, well-meaning people might not realize that these lonely backyard dogs can suffer. You can help via the links above or the ideas below.

Compassion in Action

• Build owner trust – Politely and by using friendly, non-accusatory language, offer help with supplies or walks. The owner is more likely to say yes to offers along the lines of: “I love dogs and have extra time/supplies, could I help with…?”

• Improve shelter and bedding – Add/upgrade a doghouse with walls, raised off the ground (wood pieces under four sides, reducing ground chill transfer), a door flap to block wind and rain, and straw for bedding and joint cushioning (not hay or cloth, which retain moisture and freeze).

• Ensure adequate water and food – Provide a tip-proof water bowl; donate quality food.

• Provide toys – Give the dog chew toys and balls to alleviate boredom.

• Watch for cruelty or neglect and report it – Document neglect (no water or shelter; skinny; an injury) and contact animal control or police department.

https://thekindlife.substack.com/p/home-for-the-holidays-dogs-would

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Do Animals Think & Feel?

Read on Substack https://thekindlife.substack.com/p/do-animals-think-and-feel

Ask anyone who lives with pets whether animals think and feel, and they’ll likely raise an eyebrow, privately wonder whether you’re nuts, and answer, of course they do. Over time, more and more researchers have come to agree.

Not long ago—by that I mean the late 20th century—the widely held belief was that animals were incapable of thought and emotion and only reacted mechanistically to stimuli. The foundations of this are traceable in part to 17th century philosopher René Descartes who posited that nonhuman animals were “automata”—complex biological machines devoid of reason, thought, consciousness, sentience, and feeling. Their cries, for example, were machine-like reflexes and pre-programmed responses to stimuli rather than indicative of pain or feeling.

Religion, moral convenience, and psychological and social factors have played a role in this thinking and have justified a comfortable status quo. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam religions believe that humans are uniquely made in the image of God. Only humans possess souls, so goes the thinking, and animals lack inner experience, rational thought, and the ability to feel genuine emotion and pain. There’s a psychological incentive to downgrade or deny animal cognition and sentience and to dismiss animal suffering as robotic reactions—it makes eating meat, animal experimentation, and the cruel practices of factory farming much less troublesome.

For years some scientists and philosophers contended that since animals couldn’t use language to report their inner experience, its existence couldn’t be scientifically validated and therefore should not be assumed. In the early and mid-20th century, strict behaviorists B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson led a movement that focused on observable behavior, treated references to animal consciousness, feelings, and thoughts as scientifically meaningless, and confined research to measurable stimuli and response. For decades the study of animal sentience and concern about the ethical treatment of animals lay more or less dormant.

Over the last several decades, evidence from the disciplines of ethology (animal behavior), animal cognition and comparative psychology, neuroscience and neurobiology, evolutionary biology and psychology, and cognitive science has made it harder to maintain the belief that animals do not think or feel. Researchers began designing experimental methods yielding strong and converging evidence that animals think (demonstrating flexible, goal-directed cognition) and feel (have conscious experiences such as fear, pain, and pleasure). Experiments with diverse mammals and nonmammals (including insects) have shown that various animals can solve problems, plan ahead, remember past events, recognize individuals and self, use tools, display grief, joy, jealousy, empathy, and fairness, and exhibit metacognition (knowing that you don’t know). Brain imaging and neurophysiology have shown a biological continuity between humans and animal brain structures and activity patterns linked to emotion, pain, and consciousness.

A number of scientific groups and conferences have issued statements on animal cognition and sentience. For example, the University of Cambridge Declaration of Consciousness (2012) states that nonhuman animals, including mammals, birds, and sea creatures, have the neurological substrates for consciousness. The New York University Declaration on Animal Consciousness (2024), signed by 500+ scientists, affirms strong support for conscious experience in mammals and birds, and a realistic probability in all vertebrates and in many invertebrates (cephalopods, crustaceans, insects), and urges welfare considerations.

Marc Bekoff, Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, states in his book The Emotional Lives of Animals, “Human beings are a part of the animal kingdom, not apart from it. The separation of ‘us’ and ‘them’ creates a false picture and is responsible for much suffering.”

Intermittently I’ll be writing articles summarizing research findings and providing anecdotal stories about animal cognition and sentience. Stay tuned!

Do you have any personal stories about something an animal did that gave you a window into their thinking? If so, I’d love to hear it.

Compassion in Action:

The next time you are about to buy factory-farmed meat (which is what is sold in virtually every grocery store), consider what that animal likely endured and whether you feel comfortable supporting a large-scale industrial system that prioritizes efficiency and profit over animal welfare. For meat eaters, an alternative is to look for labels that say sustainably raised, locally raised on pasture-based farms, humanely raised, free-range, or Certified Humane, or contact a butcher who will likely know of local farmers who raise animals.

Read on Substack https://thekindlife.substack.com/p/do-animals-think-and-feel

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Gracie the Ginger Cat: A Rescue Tale

To View on Substack, please visit: thekindlife.substack.com

Gracie the cat found her way to us when my daughters were young. She had been thrown from a car and made her way to the yard of a kind couple who cared for her. Their inside cat was highly territorial and wouldn’t tolerate another cat, so they sought a home for this ginger-colored cat. Through a friend of a friend, she came to us.

When she entered our house, Gracie was respectful. She moved gently and quietly, her body and pace relaxed. She observed people and animals before doing anything. Our resident cat was unthreatened and curious about her. Our rescue pit bull befriended her, showing his affection by frequently slurping the side of her face. Gracie squinted against it, shook off the spit, and then gazed fondly at the dog.

Gracie connected deeply with my younger daughter in particular and allowed her to do the things that young girls sometimes do: dress the cat in doll’s clothing, push her around in a pram, and drape her over her shoulder and wander through the house.

Gracie seemed to have an understanding of emotional needs of her humans. One example is this: she had always slept with my younger daughter, but the one and only night she changed her routine was when our beloved pitbull died. That night, Gracie divided her time evenly between us, lending her gentle presence by snuggling against us in our beds before moving to the next person.

I love this peaceful photograph of her. Gracie sat for a long time gazing out at the twilight snowfall. When she turned, she looked at me, blinked slowly (the cat equivalent of a kiss), jumped down, and sauntered through the house.

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Compassion in Action:

Roughly 6.5 million animals enter shelters in the US each year but only 3.2 million are adopted (ASPCA). Progress has been made: compared to 1973, the number of cats and dogs entering shelters annually is down more than 20 million (Humane World for Animals [formerly Humane Society of the United States]).

If you are in the market for a dog or cat, this site is searchable by location, species, gender, age, color, care and behavior, and whether they’re good with kids, dog, and cats: Find an adoptable cat or dog near you: https://www.petfinder.com/

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New Substack: The Kind Life

The Kind Life

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Please take a look on Substack and subscribe for free for a weekly dose of hope with real stories, insights, and simple actions you can take to improve animal welfare.

The Kind Life

I’m Carolyn Cott, an animal-welfare advocate and professional writer who’s always asking, “How can we make things better for the creatures who share our world?” Perhaps you’re asking the same question.

Whether you’re a seasoned rescuer, a caring pet parent, or someone who simply wonders, “What can I do to help?” this space is for you. Here’s what you’ll find:

  • Heartfelt, real-life stories of animals (and humans) that uplift and surprise
  • Research and insights into animal behavior, antics, and communication
  • Myths versus facts about animals, animal advocacy strategies that work, and human-animal connection
  • Interviews with vets, rescue workers, trainers, and public officials
  • Practical ideas—mini-actions and meaningful moves—that you can easily act on

I know that a lot of writing about animal welfare can feel heavy or alarming. Here we shift the tone to hope and curiosity rather than fear, to connection over detachment, and to actions—big and small—that are doable and feel meaningful.

I’d love to hear from you: your thoughts, your questions, even weird things your dog or cat does (my ears will perk up), and topics you’d like to see featured.

Here’s to kindness in action, discovery in every paw print, and shared steps toward a gentler world. Please subscribe for a weekly letter delivered to your inbox and please share this post. Thank you!

Warmly,
Carolyn Cott

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